1. Why did the Supreme Court, in Johnson v. Transportation Agency, Santa Clara County, California, determine that a public employer could appropriately take gender into account under its voluntary affirmative action plan as one factor of a promotion decision? Your response should be at least 220 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.

2. The Fairview County Public Library has 516 employees, including 163 librarians. A study of the library staff reveals that 3 out of 30 supervisors in the library branches are male although men make up 25% of the branch librarians. In order to increase the number of male supervisory librarians, the library decides to implement an affirmative action plan that would consider gender as one component of the decision when promoting librarians. Is this affirmative action plan valid? Explain your answer.Your response should be at least 220 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations.