Mendelian Genetics: The laws of segregation, independent assortment, and dominance form the basis of all genetics. The ability to predict the results of crossing experiments and explain any variance between expected and observed results is still a vital part of our understanding of heredity. In this lab assignment you will experiment with monohybrid crosses and explore the role of chance in genetics.

Experiment 1:

Questions

1. a. Setup and complete Punnett squares for each of the following crosses:(rememberY= yellow and y=blue)

• YY andYy

		Parent 1
		Y	Y
Parent 2	Y	YY	YY
	y	Yy	yy

• YYand yy

		Parent 1
		Y	Y
Parent 2	Y	Yy	Yy
	y	Yy	Yy

b. What are the resulting phenotypes for each cross? Are there any blue kernels?

Y Y and Y y	Y Y and y y
The resulting phenotypes is that all the offsprings are yellow because all the offspring have at least one Y (yellow, dominant) allele	All the offsprings are yellow

There are no blue kernels in either cross and all are yellow because the genotypes of all the kernels have at least one dominant (Y) gene which codes for yellow color.

2. a. Setup and completea Punnett square for a cross of two of the F1from the YYand yy cross above.

		Parent 1
		Y	Y
Parent 2	y	Yy	Yy
	y	Yy	Yy

b. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the F2 generation?

The genotypes of offsprings are Yy (heterozygous) and their proportion is 100%If Y= yellow an y= blue, then the phenotypes of the off springs would be the characteristics of Y gene which means all the off springs will have a yellow color.

Experiment 2:

Questions: As you select the beads from the beaker, complete this table with each cross. You may complete the associated Punnett Squares on paper, but do not need to submit them as part of this lab.

	Parents – randomly selected		F1 – determined from Punnett square
Cross	Genotype parent #1	Genotype parent #2	4 Genotypes	4 Phenotypes
1	yy	yy	yy	yy
2	Yy	yY	YY	Yy
3	Yy	YY	YY	YY
4	yY	yy	Yy	yy
5	yy	YY	Yy	Yy

1. a. How much genotypic variation do you find in the randomly picked parents of your crosses? How much in the o?spring?

Possible Genotype	Parents	Offspring
YY	3	4
Yy	3	10
yy	4	6
Total	10	20

b. How much phenotypic variation do you find in the parents of your crosses? How much in the offspring?

2. a. What is the ratio of phenotypes (yellow kernel color: blue kernel color) in the 20 offspring of your five crosses?

b. If you were to run this experiment 1000 times, rather than just 5 times, what would you expect the ratio of phenotypes to be in the offspring?

c. Is the ratio of observed phenotypes the same as the ratio of predicted phenotypes in the offspring? Why or why not?

3. Organisms heterozygous for a recessivetrait areoften called carriersof thattrait. Explain what this means.