Therapeutic Models

Student’s Name

Institution

Course

Tutor

Date

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) refers to a form of psychological treatment where the therapist and patient work collaboratively to identify thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are contributing to the person’s distress or problems in functioning. Aaron Beck is the founding father of this psychological approach. The CBT therapist guides the individual through a structured program of changing their thoughts or changing their behavior (or both) by means of understanding the connection between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (Carleton et al., 2020). The philosophy behind this is that illnesses are often caused by faulty ways of thinking which led to unhealthy emotional responses; therefore, the most effective treatment is provided by teaching people how to think about situations more realistically (“cognitive” part) and adopt healthier behavioral patterns (the “behavioral” part). With CBT therapy one can learn how they can change these patterns in order to feel better quickly.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) refers to an evidence-based, comprehensive treatment that helps in dealing with the symptoms of borderline personality disorder. DBT was created by Marsha Linehan. It includes a combination of skills, techniques, and treatments that can be applied as a stand-alone or therapy option. Dialectical Behavior Therapy is based on the idea that unwanted behaviors are used to manage emotional states and that each behavior in turn causes new ones. It offers methods on how one can suppress their actions to help themselves develop more adaptive coping mechanisms and improve emotion regulation skills. In this overview, we will give you an introduction to DBT, with an overview of how it is typically administered in therapy sessions.

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) refers to a future-oriented, short-term goal-directed, evidence-based psychotherapy approach to solving interpersonal problems. The founders of this approach were Steve de Shazer (1940-2005), and Insoo Kim Berg (1934-2007). The goal of this technique is to help individuals change their thinking and behavior by focusing on the problem or issue at hand, identifying the goals or outcomes that are desirable in the future, and then designing a plan of action to achieve those goals. The focus of SFBT is helping people find solutions to problems rather than trying to determine what caused them or how they might be prevented (Dalgleish et al., 2020). This approach can be used in therapy settings as well as self-help interventions such as brief motivational counseling interventions.

Motivational Interviewing (MI)

Motivational Interviewing (MI) refers to a counselling approach that improves an individual’s motivation through self-change. This approach was developed by William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick. It is a type of counselling which uses non-confrontational, and solution focused questions to help people achieve their goals. MI can be used with individuals as well as in groups, and it is often used with high-risk populations such as drug addicts or homeless persons. Motivational Interviewing has been found to be effective in reducing substance misuse among high-risk populations and achieving abstinence among individuals who suffer from drug addiction (Marker & Norton, 2018)). Motivational Interviewing has been shown effective when used with different levels of support, including individual counseling sessions alone or those conducted within a group setting.

Structural Family Therapy (SFT)

Structural Family Therapy (SFT) refers to a subset within the family therapy approach designed to create healthier family relationships, resolve conflicts in the family, and effectively address mental health problems in the family. It was developed by Salvador Minuchin. SFT came about in part as a reaction to the growing trend in family therapy toward individual-centered approaches, which often left family members feeling isolated and unheard during treatment. SFT emphasizes the importance of families in shaping the growth and development of its members, as well as addressing problems within the extant relationships in the family unit. Structural Family Therapy developed out of a synthesis of psychodynamic theory, social learning theory, systems theory, and strategic therapy models (Tadros & Finney, 2018). Structural Family Therapy focuses on balancing power within a family unit by helping individual family members reach agreements that lead to a healthier equilibrium.

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is an evidence-based practice, behavior-based, short-term treatment that seeks to assist children with mental health issues and improve parent-child relationship satisfaction and parenting skills. The approach was developed by Sheila Eyberg in 1988. The process involves using a structured interview, feedback, and implementation of specific treatment techniques to enhance parent-child communication skills (Girard et al., 2018). PCIT has been found to be the most efficacious treatment for emotional problems in young children. The Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) helps parents by providing them with accurate information about their child’s behavior, including strengths and weaknesses, observed behaviors, and goals for treatment. In addition, parents are asked about their own reactions of the situation at hand.

Trust-Based Relational Intervention (TBRI)

Trust-Based Relational Intervention (TBRI) refers to a trauma-informed intervention, attachment-based therapeutic approach that is designed by Drs. Karyn Purvis and David Cross to meet the complex needs of vulnerable children. The objective is to help children who have experienced maltreatment, abuse and neglect move into a secure attachment relationship with adults. Trust-Based Relational Intervention (TBRI) is a comprehensive approach to trauma interventions that utilizes restructuring, systemic and relational approaches, and includes attachment and relationship development theory (Crawley et al., 2021). Trust-based relational interventionists use a wide range of psycho-education derived from attachment theory and developmental psychology. By teaching children how to regulate relationships, they learn that they are important and must be part of a positive social world. The goal is to create self-efficacy, mastery, autonomy and independence for children who have had traumatic experiences. Finally, trust-based child development interventionists help children understand that their experience with adults is not dangerous or bad but normal.

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) refers to an innovative, interactive psychotherapy approach used to treat trauma symptoms and relieve psychological stress. EMDR was developed by an American educator and psychologist Francine Shapiro. It provides a comprehensive, integrative therapeutic approach for restoring mental health. EMDR has been researched and validated for use with individuals who have experienced traumatic events in order to help them achieve their goals of feeling better emotionally and living the life they want (Adams et al., 2020). EMDR is used by therapists trained in EMDR methods to provide therapy for PTSD, phobias, anxiety, depression, grief/loss and chronic pain among other conditions. A typical EMDR session usually consists of about eight 50-minute sessions done over the course of three weeks; however how long sessions will last may vary depending on your therapeutic progress.

Reminiscence/Life Review

Life Review therapy refers to a treatment approach used by caregivers and therapists to assist patients talk and share significant life memories and events in their lives. John Kunz is the founder of this approach. It is an important tool to help people with dementia maintain their sense of self and dignity. Reminiscence review therapy refers to a therapeutic technique that uses the memories of past life experiences as a way to explore and process current issues. A reminiscence review therapist facilitates this process by providing an environment conducive to reminiscing (Haight et al., 2018).

References

Adams, R., Ohlsen, S., & Wood, E. (2020). Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) for the treatment of psychosis: a systematic review. European journal of psychotraumatology, 11(1), 1711349.

Carleton, R. N., Afifi, T. O., Turner, S., Taillieu, T., Vaughan, A. D., Anderson, G. S., … & Camp, R. D. (2020). Mental health training, attitudes toward support, and screening positive for mental disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 49(1), 55-73.

Crawley, R. D., Rázuri, E. B., Lee, C., & Mercado, S. (2021). Lessons from the field: implementing a Trust-Based Relational Intervention (TBRI) pilot program in a child welfare system. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 15(3), 275-298.

Dalgleish, T., Black, M., Johnston, D., & Bevan, A. (2020). Transdiagnostic approaches to mental health problems: Current status and future directions. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 88(3), 179.

Girard, E. I., Wallace, N. M., Kohlhoff, J. R., Morgan, S. S., & McNeil, C. B. (2018). Parent-child interaction therapy with toddlers. Improving attachment and emotional regulation. Spriner.

Haight, B., Pierce, T. W., Elliott, A. N., Woods, B., Coleman, P. G., Ivani-Chalian, C., … & Gieschen, E. (2018). International perspectives on reminiscence, life review and life story work. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Marker, I., & Norton, P. J. (2018). The efficacy of incorporating motivational interviewing to cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety disorders: A review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 62, 1-10.

Tadros, E., & Finney, N. (2018). Structural family therapy with incarcerated families: A clinical case study. The Family Journal, 26(2), 253-261.