Respond to at least two colleagues in the following ways:

Based on the needs your colleague identified, explain some of the factors the mental health community could address in both types of traumatic events.

Explain skills your colleague could develop to address the traumas described in their articles.

DB1

Vanessas—

Post the APA references for the two studies you located

Lowe, S. R., & Galea, S. (2017). The Mental Health Consequences of Mass Shootings. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 18(1), 62–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015591572

Toussaint, D. W., VanDeMark, N. R., Bornemann, A., & Graeber, C. J. (2007). Modifications to the Trauma Recovery and Empowerment Model (TREM) for substance-abusing women with histories of violence: Outcomes and lessons learned at a Colorado substance abuse treatment center. Journal of Community Psychology, 35(7), 879-894.

Provide a brief description of the traumatic events, including a summary of how they affected the individuals involved

A study formulated on over 49 studies of 15 different mass shooting in different elementary school as well as universities mostly in the United States throughout a 24-year period, demonstrated that Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms were reported in 36 of the studies, followed by symptoms of Major depression. Thirds were symptoms of other psychiatric disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder, alcoholism, and anger stress disorder. In addition, the individuals who were directly exposed to a mass shooting showed significantly higher

Adulthood sexual trauma is associated with short-term and long-term psychological consequences symptoms of PTSD. (Lowe & Galea, 2017).

Victims and affected communities of mass shooting can have mental health consequences. This leads to increases in post-traumatic stress symptoms, depression, increased fears, and declines in perceived safety. In addition, there are some risk factor for adverse outcomes, including demographic characteristics. Higher exposure to traumatic events, lack of psychosocial resources and lower socioeconomic status. According to Lowe and Galea (2017), “Research indicates that exposure to assaultive violence it’s associated with an increase incidence of a range negative mental health outcomes, among them PTSD and Major depressive disorder.”

Adulthood sexual trauma is associated with short-term and long-term psychological consequences. women may experience symptoms of a personality disorder, including one that is distinguished by enduring patterns of instability and impulsivity (i.e., Borderline Personality Disorder).

Describe the interventions discussed in the articles and explain how they addressed the psychosocial issues and needs of the individuals affected by the trauma.

The Trauma Recovery and Empowerment Model (TREM) is used for trauma survivors of any type of trauma, including survivors of physical and/or sexual violence. This model utilizes a gender specific model TREM for women and M-TREM for men. TREM has been successful in a wide range of service settings and among diverse racial and ethnic populations.(2015).

The trauma recovery and empowerment model are fully manualized group-based intervention designed to facilitate trauma recovery.Focusing on cognitive restructuring, psychoeducational, and skills-training techniques, the 24-29 session group emphasizes the development of coping skills and social support. “it addresses both short-term and long-term consequences of violent victimization, including mental health symptoms, especially posttraumatic stress disorder and depression.”(2015).

Explain the effectiveness of the interventions, as stated in the articles.

A study over Training in TREM to clinicians in over 20 states showed that the intervention group had significantly improved outcomes compared to the usual-care condition on trauma-related symptoms at the six months follow up. ” (feelings of dissociation, p = 0.007, effect size = 0.63; sense of personal safety, p = 0.03, effect size = 0.48), and at 12-month follow-up (feelings of dissociation, p = 0.007, effect size = 0.61; trauma coping, p = 0.003, effect size = 0.54; sense of personal safety, p = 0.030, effect size = 0.38). (2016).

References,

Lowe, S. R., & Galea, S. (2017). The Mental Health Consequences of Mass Shootings. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 18(1), 62–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015591572

Toussaint, D. W., VanDeMark, N. R., Bornemann, A., & Graeber, C. J. (2007). Modifications to the Trauma Recovery and Empowerment Model (TREM) for substance-abusing women with histories of violence: Outcomes and lessons learned at a Colorado substance abuse treatment center. Journal of Community Psychology, 35(7), 879-894.

Https://www.cebc4cw.org/. (2016). Retrieved October 30, 2020, from https://www.cebc4cw.org/

DB2

Brandy—

Wusik and Jones (2015) in the article The Trauma of Uncertainty typically involves the review of an individual, Daryl, who has PTSD brought on by a national disaster while Olson-Morrison (2017) in the article Integrative play therapy with adults with complex trauma: A developmentally-informed approach highlights the symptoms and treatments of trauma induced by interpersonal trauma. Wusik and Jones virtually portray Daryl’s case, who experienced twelve hours of not knowing the fate of his friend before finding out the friend was killed in the April 16th shootings at Virginia Tech. Daryl typically showed signs of PTSD, such as nightmare prompting treatments after four years. On the other hand, Olson-Morrison emphasizes that exposure to interpersonal trauma results in severe post-traumatic symptoms. Olson-Morrison presented the case of a 43-year-old woman with a background of childhood interpersonal trauma.

The interventions for treating Daryl’s trauma were prolonged exposure (PE) coupled with psychoeducation. On the other hand, the 43-year-old woman’s interventions were the integrative play therapy as the woman was highly resistant to talk therapies (Olson-Morrison, 2017). Play therapy is a psychological intervention that deals with social, cognitive, and psychological development areas interrupted by severe interpersonal trauma exposure in early childhood (Schnyder, Ehlers, Elbert, Foa, Gersons, Resick & Cloitre, 2015). On the other hand, prolonged exposure is a particular category of cognitive-behavioral intervention that empowers individuals to deal with trauma-related emotions, situations, and memories (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

The different interventions were effective in their different cases since the traumatic cases were inherently different in complexity and severity (Powers, Fani, Cross, Ressler & Bradley, 2016). The interpersonal trauma case was deeply entrenched and could not be treated through PE; similarly, Daryl’s case was not severe enough to be treated through integrative play therapy.

In conclusion, different interventions are treated using different strategies since every trauma-related patient is intrinsically different.

References

American Psychiatric Association. (, 2013). Dissociative disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm08.

American Psychiatric Association. (, 2013). Trauma- and stressor-related disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm07

Olson-Morrison, D. (2017). Integrative play therapy with adults with complex trauma: A developmentally-informed approach. International Journal of Play Therapy, 26(3), 172.

Powers, A., Fani, N., Cross, D., Ressler, K. J., & Bradley, B. (2016). Childhood trauma, PTSD, and psychosis: Findings from a highly traumatized, minority sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 58, 111–118.

Schnyder, U., Ehlers, A., Elbert, T., Foa, E. B., Gersons, B. P. R., Resick, P. A., … Cloitre, M.(2015). Psychotherapies for PTSD: What do they have in common? European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6(1), 281–286. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.28186

Wusik, M. F., & Jones, R. T. (2015). The trauma of uncertainty: The use of comprehensive assessment and prolonged exposure to treat indirect exposure to a mass shooting. Clinical Case Studies, 14(1), 15-30.