1. Please give a short summary (one to three paragraph) description of the newly emerging field of “Crimmigration Law”. [100-200 word target]

1. Building on your Dec. 6^th discussion post, please describe the racialized “criminal alien”

category, or profile, as we have seen it highlighted in our last two weeks’ readings (in particular those by Armenta; see also Lytle-Hernandez’ footnote 1). We spent weeks discussing how the Warren Court’s 1968 U.S. Sup. Ct. Terry decision’s lesser “reasonable suspicion” standard ended up authorizing enormous police discretion, especially in the now famous “stop & frisk” tactics that we saw increase to as many as 700,000 stops per year in NY City alone. This discretion in pedestrian stops was paralleled by the “pretext stops” of automobiles that have led to so many shootings. Please describe what our recent readings show us about how domestic “crime-fighting” tactics, such as “stop & frisk” and automotive “pretext stops,” have been absorbed into immigration law enforcement (see Armenta’s 2016 study of Nashville policing). How does Armenta (2016) see the relation between the “criminal alien” category and police profiling practices? [target length 500 words]

• W have emphasized that policing in the U.S.A. has been troubled from its beginnings by its uniquely fragmented nature, with roughly 19,000 police agencies today at multiple levels of jurisdiction: federal, state, county, and municipal (not counting all of the private security agencies or informal militias like those on the Arizona borderlands). Drawing on our recent readings, please describe briefly how Federal laws like section 287(g) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, alongside state-level laws like Arizona’s SB1070, have ultimately complicated the picture of policing policy of U.S. border areas and elsewhere – even far into the interior of the United States. [target length 500 words]

1. Please briefly discuss a small number – one to three – of policy recommendations that you would suggest to the new administration to re-invent U.S. border policing. You have total freedom in answering this speculative question. [target 200-300 words]