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Answer the following study guide quesons to help guide you in your learning for this week’s topic(s).
Your answers must be written in your own words, paraphrasing what you have learned from your
research. Include in-text citaons with each response and then full references at the boom in current
APA professional paper format.

1. What factors are associated with clinical judgment when prescribing medicaons?
2. What are the criteria for choosing an eecve drug?
3. Describe the process of passive diusion and the factors that aect a drug’s ability to passively
   diuse across a cell membrane.
4. How does hypoalbuminemia aect the process of prescribing?
5. Explain rst pass metabolism.
6. What factors aect a drug’s absorpon?
7. Describe drug metabolism and the role of the isoenzymes of the cytochrome P450 system.
8. Dene drug anity.
9. Dene drug ecacy.
10. What is a drug’s half-life?
11. What is the onset of acon, peak of acon, and duraon of acon for medicaons?
12. What is steady state?
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SAMPLE ANSWER

NURS 615: Advance Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice Nurse Prescribers.

Instructor
September 3 rd 2023

2

Study Guide Questions

Q1
The factors associated with clinical judgment when prescribing medications include the
results collected from patient assessment, the medical and nursing diagnosis, the effectiveness of
the treatment therapies compared to alternative therapies, including their safety profile, and the
efficacy of the drug vis-à-vis the elements in the disease it’s going to treat.
Q2
Choosing an effective drug should consider the pharmacokinetics of the drug its
bioavailability, dose-concentration curve, and its half-life. Another element to consider is the
drug’s pharmacodynamics, which describes the mechanism of action for the drug and how it
affects the functioning of the disease. The third element is the drug’s safety profile and
therapeutic efficacy compared to alternative medications. The last element is the cost
Q3
Passive diffusion is a nonselective process where ions and molecules pass across cell
membranes without any external energy requirement. Some of the factors that affect a drug’s
ability to passively diffuse include the surface area of the absorptive surface, the size of the
drug’s ions or molecules, and the molecule’s lipid solubility (Milli et al., 2018).
Q4
Hypoalbuminemia reduces the plasma protein binding, thus reducing the amount of drug
that has to be absorbed, thus creating a situation that is similar to taking low drug dosage.
Q5

3
First-pass metabolism is a scenario where a drug gets metabolized at a specific location in the
body before reaching its site of action thus resulting in a reduced concentration of the active
drug.
Q6
Some of the factors that affect drug absorption include the route of administration, the
rate of gastric emptying, drug formulation, whether powdered, syrup, IV, IM, or tablets, and the
solubility of the drug.
Q7
Drug metabolism is the process by which drugs are broken down so that they can be
eliminated from the body. Isoenzymes of the cytochrome p450 family are responsible for drug
metabolism as well as the metabolism of endogenous substances through oxidation (Zhao et al.,
2021).
Q8
Drug affinity is the extent to which a drug binds to specific receptors at a specified level
of drug concentration.
Q9
Efficacy is the maximum response that a drug can produce regardless of its concentration
levels or dose.
Q10
As the name suggests, drug half-life describes the amount of time it takes for a drug’s
concentration in the body to reduce by half.
Q11

4
The onset of action is the amount of time it takes for a drug to start showing prominent
effects after administration. On the other hand, the peak of action describes the highest level of
concentration in which the drug achieves optimal strength in the body. Duration of action is the
amount of time it takes for the drug to remain active in the body
Q12
A steady state of a drug is achieved when the quantity or amount of drug eliminated
equals the quantity that reaches systemic circulation within a given unit of time.

5

References

Milli, L., Rossetti, G., Pedreschi, D., & Giannotti, F. (2018). Active and passive diffusion
processes in complex networks. Applied Network Science, 3(1), 42.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s41109-018-0100-5
Zhao, M., Ma, J., Li, M., Zhang, Y., Jiang, B., Zhao, X., Huai, C., Shen, L., Zhang, N., He, L., &
Qin, S. (2021). Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Drug Metabolism in
Humans. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(23), 12808.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312808