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Lactose Intolerance Condition

People who suffer from lactose intolerance cannot fully digest lactose in milk. This explains why they show lactose intolerance symptoms that include gas, diarrhea, and bloating after consuming dairy products. This condition is known as lactose malabsorption. Although it is harmless, the symptoms tend to be uncomfortable for patients. The small intestine is the site where lactose digestion occurs. It is a small hollow tube running from the stomach and joining the large intestines. Less enzyme production of lactase is what leads to lactose intolerance. One can be having low lactase levels and still manage to digest milk products. However, if the levels are too low, a person gets lactose intolerant, leading to symptoms of lactose intolerance after leading a meal with dairy products. The symptoms often take about 30 minutes before they start showing or after two hours (Fassio, Maria, and Fabio, 1539). Most people that suffer from lactose intolerance are capable of managing the condition without necessarily giving up dairy foods in their budget entirely. Lactose intolerance tends to be common in adults and rare in infants for several reasons. Very few babies are born with the lactase enzyme. This is a rare genetic condition where most children are born without the enzymes making them lactose tolerant. Lactose intolerance is hereditary, meaning it is passed from one family member to the next. In such cases, as the person grows, the body produces less lactase enzyme. This explains symptoms tend to start in adult or teenage years. In some cases, the small intestines even stop producing lactase following an infection, disease, or injury.

Polyuria and Diamox

Polyuria is a medical term used to describe excessive urination or peeing. Besides drinking water in excessive amounts, polyuria could be an indication of an underlying medical illness. The condition is mostly common among diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus patients. The Diamox drug that is used to treat mountain sickness makes a person pee because it has a diuretic effect. It causes a reversible reaction that involves the dehydration of carbonic acid and hydration of carbon dioxide. What results is a loss of HCO3 ions from the renal system, which carry out water, potassium, and sodium (Christ-Crain, 11). This was the alkalinization of urine and dieresis is promotions are affected. Polyuria in diabetes takes place when there are excessive sugar levels in the blood. Under normal circumstances, kidneys take time to produce urine as they absorb sugars and direct them back towards the bloodstream. Excessive urine or peeing is usually one of the first signs that patients with diabetes mellitus tend to display. Polyuria makes sugar build up in the bloodstream, and if a person’s kidneys are not able to filter them out, they tend to exist in the body through the urinary system. As the extra sugar continues building ups, so does one feel the need to pee frequently.

Effect of Diarrhea on Blood PH, Urine PH, and Pattern of Ventilation

The first sign that Miley experiences after contracting an intestinal disease is diarrhea, which is likely to affect her blood PH, urine PH, and ventilation pattern. Diarrhea is likely to affect Miley’s diarrhea by lowering the levels of bicarbonate which is the base that makes it possible to neutralize the acids that are in the blood (Trefz, Constable, and Lorenz, 907). If the blood is too acidic, respiratory acidosis is likely to take place. Additionally, hyperchloremic acidosis is also likely to occur due to the loss of sodium bicarbonate, which is integral in keeping the blood neutral. Both vomiting and diarrhea also tend to cause lactic acidosis that occurs when the body has excessive lactic acid. Patients that have normal acidosis after diarrhea have a urine pH of more than 5.5. The reason is that volume contraction leads to reduced availability of sodium ions for reabsorption back to the collecting duct. This lessens the negative potential of the intratubular electrochemical potential hence the proton secretion rate. The diarrhea is also likely to cause a change in the pattern of ventilation. Respiratory rates have been known to increase with diarrhea. Children who have diarrhea tend to have fast breathing because of metabolic acidosis caused by dehydration. Fast breathing is usually as a result of metabolic acidosis caused by dehydration.

Effectiveness of Contraception Pills

Progesterone and estradiol are the main components in the contraceptive pill that make them effective for pregnancy prevention. Contraceptives containing progestogen only are 92% effective, meaning out of 100, only eight fail (Matyanga and Blessing, 34). This means that if a person does not miss a pill, contraceptive pills can be 99% effective. Contraceptive pills work by reducing or stopping the release of an egg from the ovary. In essence, the progesterone hormone stops the ovulation process. Contraception pills make the cervical mucus thick to prevent the sperm from pointing into the uterus. They make the lining of the uterus thin such that a fertilized egg has fewer chances of attaching. Contraception pills should be taken as directed because they are 99% effective against pregnancy if used effectively. One does not need to interrupt sex to take birth control. Pregnancy rates would increase if women did not take pills as directed as they would not be effective. Taking contraception after one has gotten pregnant has no effect if a woman is in the early stages of pregnancy. Taking contraception pills does not cause miscarriages or stillbirth.

Works Cited

Christ-Crain, Mirjam. “EJE AWARD 2019: New diagnostic approaches for patients with polyuria polydipsia syndrome.” European journal of endocrinology 181.1 (2019): R11-R21.

Fassio, Filippo, Maria Sole Facioni, and Fabio Guagnini. “Lactose maldigestion, malabsorption, and intolerance: a comprehensive review with a focus on current management and future perspectives.” Nutrients 10.11 (2018): 1599.

Matyanga, Celia MJ, and Blessing Dzingirai. “Clinical pharmacology of hormonal emergency contraceptive pills.” International journal of reproductive medicine 2018 (2018).

Trefz, F. M., P. D. Constable, and I. Lorenz. “Effect of intravenous small‐volume hypertonic sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, and glucose solutions in decreasing plasma potassium concentration in hyperkalemic neonatal calves with diarrhea.” Journal of veterinary internal medicine 31.3 (2017): 907-921.