hormone section

Paper instructions:
Read the provided abstracts. Read the hormone section in your text. Further research is optional. AIDress the guiding questions below. Remember to discuss: €¢ Hormones and their targets €¢ Negative feedback loops €¢ Interactions between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus. €¢ Changes in hormones and/or their targets €¢ Pathologies associated with hormones (hypersecretion or hyposecretion) or targets (hyper- or hypo- responsiveness).

Guiding Questions:

1. What is the relationship between stress and hormones?

2. What role does the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis play?

3. What changes result as a consequence?

4. How does T-lymphocyte proliferation tie in?

5. Any negative feedback loops?

6. Why did your last exam give you points for thinking of a way to treat yourself over the holidays?

7. Tie in each research abstract to support your thesis.

8. Any insights into stress:health:stress relief that either support or refute the research presented here?

Write a 300 €“ 3000 word essay discussing the interaction between hormones, targets, stress, and health

Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997 Jan 15;807:210-8.

Psychobiological consequences of social relationships.

Levine S, Lyons DM, Schatzberg AF.

Department of Psychology, University of Delaware, Newark 19716-2577, USA.

Social separations can induce long-lasting increases in cortisol, whereas companionship can result in social buffering. Preliminary evidence from studies of squirrel monkeys suggests that social separation-induced hypersecretion of cortisol is initially driven by hypersecretion of ACTH. From 1-21 days postseparation, however, cortisol remains elevated above pre-separation controls, while ACTH levels are consistently reduced. Hypercortisolism is maintained despite reductions in ACTH, because adrenal responsiveness to ACTH is enhanced. Low circulating ACTH, in turn, is maintained by robust feedback mechanisms that apparently inhibit biosynthesis or release of pituitary ACTH. These findings are consistent with neuroendocrine interactions known or hypothesized to occur during major depressive disorders in humans and raise unique possibilities for comparative research in human and nonhuman primates.

Neuroimmunomodulation. 1995 May-Jun;2(3):174-80.
Effects of citrus fragrance on immune function and depressive states.
€¢    Komori T,
€¢    Fujiwara R,
€¢    Tanida M,
€¢    Nomura J,
€¢    Yokoyama MM.
Department of Psychiatry, Mie University School of Medicine, Japan.
In our previous experiments on animals evidence was found that citrus fragrance can restore the stress-induced immunosuppression, suggesting that citrus fragrance may have an effect on restoring the homeostatic balance. Since a dysregulation of the neuroendocrine and immune function is thought to be associated with psychosomatic or psychiatric disorders an attempt was made to restore their mental health by stimulation of one of the sensory systems. Fragrance (citrus was our choice) which comforts through stimulation of the olfactory system was applied to depressive patients. It was given to 12 depressive subjects and the results indicated that the doses of antidepressants necessary for the treatment of depression could be markedly reduced. The treatment with citrus fragrance normalized neuroendocrine hormone levels and immune function and was rather more effective than antidepressants.

Biol Psychol. 2005 Apr;69(1):67-84.
Social stress-associated depression in adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).
€¢    Shively CA,
€¢    Register TC,
€¢    Friedman DP,
€¢    Morgan TM,
€¢    Thompson J,
€¢    Lanier T.
Department of Pathology (Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1040, USA. cshively@wfubmc.edu
This paper describes a behavior pattern in adult female cynomolgus monkeys that has several behavioral and physiological characteristics in common with human depression including reduced body fat, low levels of activity, high heart rate, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis disturbances, and increased mortality. Under certain circumstances, this depressive behavior appears more common in socially stressed subordinate, than dominant, females. This is the first animal model of social stress-related depression in females and the first primate model of adult depression. It is important to have a female animal model of depression because women are more likely to experience a clinically significant depression than men, and depression in women is often associated with changes in reproductive system function. This model is particularly useful because these monkeys have menstrual cycles that are similar to those of women, and those that exhibit depressive behavior have relatively low levels of ovarian steroids. These monkeys may be a useful model of reproductive system-associated mood disorders in females.