Essentials of Computer Networks

Name

Institution affiliation

Date

Introduction

Networking is the interconnection of two or more computers for the sake of sharing resources. More often in our daily life, it is networks that enable us connect. People communicate online from different areas of the world. Efficient and dependable technology enables networks to be available whenever and wherever we need them.

The OSI model provides a framework for understanding current networks and for facilitating the development of new technologies to support future communications needs. The OSI model divides the networking process into seven layers which are logical and each which has unique functionality. Some of these layers include:

Layer 7- Application layer- Act as interface for users to access network.

Layer 6-Presenation layer-Data compression, encryption, representation and conversion.

Layer 5-Session Layer-Managing sessions between applications

Layer 4-Transport layer-Ensure reliability in message sending and error management

Layer 3-Network Layer-Controls operation of subnet.

Layer 2-Data link layer-For Physical addressing.

Layer 1- Physical layer-Data decoding, media and signal transfer to the recipient

Network Architecture is a design to make computer communications efficient. They should have fault tolerance, quality of service, scalability and security. In client server architecture, the client runs database application that accesses database information and interacts with the user. The servers runs database software and provide required functionalities, and an example includes checking bank account balance from your computer. Database computing is using multiple hosts to process individual task, and an example include accessing data from world wide web(www).Multi-tier architecture is a client server model in which data management, processing and presentation are logically separated, and an example include N-tier where users can create reusable and flexible applications. This is because multi-tier enables application server to validate credentials of a client, connect to database server and execute requested operations.

Physical layer is the lowest layer of OSI model. The physical layer provides the means to transport across the network media the bits that make up a Data Link layer frame. The main functions of Data Link layer frame include data encoding and control information e.g. by determining what signal state represents a binary 1, physical medium attachment e.g. how many pins do the connectors have and what is each pin used for, and transmission method to be used e.g. whether the encoded bits will be transmitted by baseband (digital) or broadband (analog) signaling. It also determines the method of physical transmission to be used.

Conclusion

With the globalization of internet, networking has become very important aspect today. Knowledge in networking lays groundwork for exploring the services, technologies inventions and issues encountered by network professionals as they design, maintain the modern network, and build.

References

Anand, K. (2010). Networking concepts and NetWare. Bombay: Himalaya Pub. House.

Beasley, J. S. (2009). Networking. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Cisco Networking Academy Program., & Cisco Systems, Inc. (2002). Cisco networking academy program. Indianapolis, IN: Cisco Press.

Hydock, Stephen, & Davis, Russell. (2008). Essentials of Networking. Prentice Hall.