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Outline

Introduction

Effects of time and labor on drop-out rates

Correlation factor

3.1) Labor and rate

3.2) Correlation between time and rate

Stem and leaf diagram (rate and time)

Scatter diagrams

5.1) Rate and time

5.2) Labor and rate

Introduction

Though there has been a decrease in the number of drop-outs in many countries in the recent past, there still exist countries where the rate has remained too high (Dewar, 2004). The students either drop out from primary or high school but hardly do they reach colleges. There are numerous reasons why this so. In most areas, the urban do have high rate compared to rural but the converse is true in some countries. The best example is seen in Canada where the rural areas have relatively higher drop-out rates as compared to the urban areas (Bolo, 2001).

Many side effects are associated with this vice. An assessment of the trends of employment for Canada’s, labor force confirms that unemployment rates for younger employees are higher compared to adults. Furthermore, rates of unemployment are higher for the employees least educated. In the following analysis, a correlation between time, labor and the unemployment rate of Canadian Youths have been determined. It is also due to high rate of drop outs that has led to the high rate of criminology in Canada (Otieno, 2001).

The data that was analyzed was obtained from;

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/81-004-x/2005004/8984-eng.htm#e and

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/81-004-x/2005004/8984-eng.htm#d. on April 10, 2010.

All the values have been obtained from the two graphs and the written information given. The two variables to be determined are the effects of;

Labor and

Time on the rate of drop-outs.

All values are in percentages and few round offs are made (Kaufman, 1996).

All the values are taken at the end of each year eg the percentage between 1991 and 1992 has been take like the percentage at the end of 1992.

The data did not reveal percentage for the years 2004 and 2005 and hence ignored. This maintains the same trend. The following is the data obtained.

Effects of time and labor on drop-out rates

Year 1991 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04

Labor (%) 65 63 61 65 67 61 61 64 66 55 57 58 58 57

Time (yrs) 16.2 15.1 14.1 13.9 13.0 12.2 12.1 11.9 11.4 11.3 10.9 10.8 10.0 9.9

Stem and leaf diagram on fourth page.

Correlation factor

The correlation factor is determined using the trends that are in any two values.

3.1) Labor and rate

From the scatter diagram (figure two), is evident that Labor and rate of drop –outs have very weak correlation though there are no existing trends in the two values (Osonald, 2000). A line of best fit can be drawn but the trend is difficult to determine. The correlation factor cannot be determined. It shows tat the two are weakly negatively related (Lyle, 2009 and Otto, 2003). Putting time constant, the two variables indicates that the labor and rate of drop outs are negatively related. The rate drops.

3.2) Correlation between time and rate

When the line of best fit was drawn (from graph one) using scatter diagram in illustrating the effects of time, a correlation factor of -0.37 was obtained.

The line of best fit can be obtained by connecting values in 95, 98, and 02 (Ontario, 2007). The numbers of points left in and out are almost equal (Rumberger, 1986). There has been a gradual decrease over the years.

Time (yrs) 1995 1998 2001

Rate (%) 13.0 11.9 10.9

Correlation = change in % rate divide by change is time

= 13.0- 11.9/ (1995-1998) %/Yrs

=1.1/ (-3)

= – 0.37%/yr.

The relation thus; -0.37 = change (%)/time (yrs)

Change = -0.37 x time

C = -0.37t

The correlation indicates that time and rate of drop-out are negatively related i.e. the rate of drop-out and time are inversely proportional. A strong negative correlation is indicated. As time progress, the rate of drop-outs decreases.

References

Bolo, H. et all. (2001). Economic Returns to Schooling Decisions. Research in Higher

Education, Rotor Publishers (Canada).

Dewar, D. (2004). Scatter Diagrams: Leader Manual and Instructional Guide. Publisher

QCI International.

Dropouts’ rates in Canada: Ontario. (2007). Retrieved April 10, 2010 from

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/81-004-x/2005004/8984-eng.htm#.

Dropouts’ rates in Canada: Ontario. (2007). Retrieved April 10, 2010 from

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/81-004-x/2005004/8984-eng.htm#d.

Kaufman, P., Marilyn, M., and McMillan, R. (1996). Comparison of High School Dropout

Rates in Canada. Publisher DIANE.

Lyle, B. (2009). High school dropouts. Publisher, Congressional Research Service, the

Library of Congress.

Otto, P. (2003). Educational attainment and health: Evidence from a sample of older

adults.Education Economics, Polo publishers.

Osonald, R. (2000). High school dropouts: causes, consequences, and cure.

Grossnickle Publisher, Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.

Rumberger, R. (1986). High school dropouts: a problem for research, policy, and

practice. Publisher Stanford Education Policy Institute, Stanford University.

Scatter diagram. Otieno, J. (2001). Retrieved on April 10, 2010 from

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/5617022/Scatter-Diagrams.