Answering Questions

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Question 1

Classical conditioning is learning things through the association of two stimuli to come up with a new response in an animal or a person. Operant conditioning is learning via a system of rewards and punishments to tune behavior. Both types of conditioning came up with results attributed to a change in behavior. Classical conditioning and Operant Conditioning all lead to the association of a certain thing to produce a specific outcome.

The differences in the two methods have varying levels of extremity and a few characteristics that can get used to measuring them. In operant conditioning, the rate of extinction is not constant as it constantly changes with the type of reinforcement used. It could go from slow to fast in the different kinds of applications. Classical conditioning, on the other hand, has a considerable rate of extinction that has a predictable decline.

Question 2

Negative reinforcement aims to remove an unpleasant reinforcer, but it strengthens a behavior. A good example was the one that Skinner demonstrated on the matter. Skinner put a lever in a box, and when the rat put into the box tripped and moved it, an electric current would go off. The rat learned that hitting the lever leads to an electric shock. They, therefore, refrained from hitting the lever.

Punishment, on the other hand, aims to weaken the response toward something. A simple explanation of this can get demonstrated with human behavior. For example, if one lacks discipline, then threatening them with a decrease in pocket money might deter them from proceeding with improper acts. If the person does not heed to the threat, then decreasing their pocket money should discourage them from misconduct. Punishment does not completely deal with the state of behavior because the previous behavior will return once the punishment gets removed.

Question 3

The first one is the sensory register. It is a system of many records of each sense that detects different stimuli. They detect stimuli and save them in short-term memory. Information decays faster here and easily gets forgotten. Iconic memory is the second stage of memory, and it only has the limitation of vision. It has no particular limit at a specific time when exposed to a certain amount of visual information.

The last stage is the Echoic memory. It refers to information registered by the auditory system. It holds trivial aspects of sound, and like iconic memory, it has an almost limitless capacity at a time.

Question 4

Forgetting is a process where one loses or gets a modification of information that already got encoded. Encoding failure can get defined as the inability of the brain to create a memory link.

There are seven memory errors. They are transience, bias, misattribution, blocking, absent-mindedness, suggestibility, and persistence. Transience is the deterioration of general memories. Absent-mindedness is the presence of attention failures that lead to memory loss. Blocking refers to the inability to remember things. Misattribution is the association of a memory with a false source. Suggestibility is the development of implanted memories through misleading information. Bias is the distortion of current knowledge by other things. Persistence is dealing with memories that keep coming back yet are not desired.