Carrier Development Theories Questions

Theories of Career Development I Chapter 2 Trait-Oriented Theories  The trait-oriented theories include:  Trait and Factor Theory  Person-Environment-Correspondence Counseling  John Holland’s Typology Trait & Factor Theory  Dev’t by Parsons (1909) who had a 3-step model: Believed in measuring an individual’s traits, surveying jobs, and then matching the two.  Promoted the psychometric movement  Williamson (1939) expanded Parson’s theory (analysis, synthesis, diagnosis, prognosis, counseling and follow-up)  Assumptions: There is a single career goal for everyone & focuses on measured abilities. Person-EnvironmentCorrespondence Theory  Dev’t by Dawis & Lofquist (1990)  A.k.a the theory of work adjustment (personality style)  Assumes that individuals seek to achieve & maintain a positive relationship with their work environment. To survive, the individual and work environment must achieve some congruence.  Introduced occupational reinforcers. John Holland (1992)  Focused on the congruence between one’s personality with preferences (modal personal style).  Developed 6 personal styles (i.e. Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional), which lead to the SelfDirected Search.  Has empirical support Social Learning and Cognitive Theories consists of:  Krumboltz’s learning Theory  Cognitive Information Processing Perspective  The Social Cognitive Perspective Krumboltz’s Learning Theory (1975)  Based on social learning theory  Career development is believed to be based on four factors: genetics, environment, learning experience and task approach skills  Has limited research.  Introduced the Happenstance Approach Theory which states that chance events can have both positive and negative consequences Cognitive Information Processing (CIP)  Developed by Peterson, Sampson & Reardon (1991)  Focuses on how an individual makes career decisions & use info. In career problem solving & decision making.  Believes in providing the client with learning events  Uses a sequential procedure for counseling (CASVE-pg 46) Social Cognitive Career Theory  Developed by Lent, Brown & Hackett (1996)  Focuses on self-efficacy, social beliefs and expectations.  Coined the term personal agency (reflects how and why individuals exert power to either achieve a solution or adapt to career changes) & triadic reciprocal (the person, the environment & the overt behavior) which affects an individuals development.  Also developed several models (pg 49 and50) Developmental Theories  Proposed by Super (1972) and Gottfredson (1981) Donald Super (1972)  Had a multiple approach to career development.  Focused on self-concept.  Also developed stages (pg 54) & tasks which individuals cycle and recycle through; completions of tasks lead to vocational maturity  Developed the archway & rainbow model (pg 57 and 59)  Limited research. Gottfredson (1981)  Describes how individuals become attracted to certain occupations.  SES and IQ greatly influence individual’s self-concept.  Images of occupations, cognitive maps, social space, circumscription and compromise are all key concepts of this theory (pg 63 & 64)  Has empirical support. Person in Environment Perspective  An ecological system theory which provides a detailed analysis of ongoing environmental influences over a life span  Posits that people develop in changing historical contexts and in socio-cultural interactions and relationships  Views ALL aspects of the individual (i.e. microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem and macrosystem) Constructivism  Supports the belief that individuals define themselves as they participate in events and relationships in their environment  Each individual develops personal constructs, in which his or her views of the world differ from others, which continue to be modified over the life span.  The client is an active participant in his or her career development  Savikas (2292) used Super’s theory to highlight this model A Contextual Explanation  Based on constructivism (individuals construct their own way of organizing info & that truth or reality is a matter of perception).  Understanding how clients construct personal meaning from present actions & subsequent experiences is the core of this theory.  Actions are viewed from 3 perspectives: the manifested behavior, their internal processes, and their social meaning.  The relationship between the individual’s unique characteristics and environment is the trigger to determining if there is a goodness of fit. Career Counseling Today & Its Historical Development Chapter 1 Six Stages of Development       Stage One (1890-1919): Placement services introduced Stage Two (1920-1939): Growth of educational guidance Stage Three (1940-1959): Training of counselors Stage Four (1960-1979): Work recognized as a major life role Stage Five (1980-1989): Technology and private practices developed Stage Six (1990-present): Introduction of multicultural counseling & school-to-work programs Major Events      Rise of industrialiam Frank Parson establishes a three-step career decision making model The first National Conference on Vocational Guidance took place The NOICC was created The mental measurement movement grew Basic Issues to Consider          The case for the individual Career Life perspective Career Choice Working in the 21st century Lifelong Learning Counseling a culturally diverse society Globalization & Economic Restructuring Effective use of career information Integrating Career & Personal Counseling Definitions to know Career  Career development  Career counseling  Career guidance  Career intervention  …