Assume that you reviewed the literature on physician communication skills as a major component of patient satisfaction. Based on this idea, what might be some of the initial codes that you could use to label the data units? Employing the use of good communication skills by physicians is a key factor in ensuring that patients are satisfied by their services. Communication basically refers to the process by which information is passed from one party to another. It is therefore important for physicians to create a good rapport with their patients because it creates openness and better understanding of the issue at hand. The following are some of the codes that may be used to label data units. Pre-set codes: This basically refers to codes that have been derived as a result of one’s previous knowledge of the issue at hand. Pre-set codes may be derived from the research questions or even the conceptual framework (Creswell, 2013). It may be necessary for one to create a codebook which basically outlines the list of codes and what they mean. It may also be referred to as a start list. Examples of pre-set codes are attentive listening skills. Physicians ‘need to show their patients that they actually care and are willing to work with them to help them with their issues. There is also the use of open ended questions. This gives them a variety of options to express themselves. Emergent codes: These are sets of codes that have emerged as a result of qualitative data analysis. They refer to those ideas, concepts or actions that arise from the data but are different from the pre-set codes. Emergent codes arise from deeper scrutiny of the issue at hand. An example of an emergent code is empathy (Adelman & Greene, 2000). This is whereby the physician can be able to understand and share the patients’ feelings. How would you justify this set of codes in your research report? One of the ways I would use to justify the stated set of codes in the research project would include the patient’s use of non-verbal communication. I would closely study the patients non-verbal cues such as his or her body language because these tools play a very important role in understanding the patients’ status. That is whether he or she is satisfied or not. I would also employ the use of tables and graphs to depict or show the findings and conclusions of my research project. Question asked that I request an answer to please: Very nice analysis! Thank you for your input and recommendations, which are accurate. Based on your discussion, it is important to take this through a two-stage process: pre-set and emergent codes. For purposes of extensive data collection that may require more than one researcher, how would you go about the data collection and analysis to ensure consistency in the findings? In other words, if you are working on a study of this magnitude and have multiple researchers’ dong the analysis, how would you ensure validity and reliability of results? What protocol would you follow?