Analytical Paper Outline

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Analytical Paper Outline

Introduction

Background info: Urinary tract infection (UTI) refers to an infection in any part of the urinary system, including urethrae, ureter, kidney, or bladder.

Background info: UTI can also be defined as the presence of the microorganism in the urine.

Background info: UTIs are some of the most recurrent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in the US and can lead to an increased risk of death.

Background info: Hospitalized UTI are more prevalent among patients with a catheter use history.

Background info: HAIs resulting from catheter use are known as Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTIs).

Background info: CAUTIs are associated with complications such as bacteremia, cystitis, prostatitis, sepsis, pyelonephritis, and higher risk of death; hence there is a need to reduce infections once catheters are inserted.

Thesis statement: Understanding the risk factors of CAUTIs and the pathogens causing CAUTIs may help in reducing infections once catheters are inserted.

Body Paragraph 1

Topic sentence: Insertion of urinary catheter is associated with UTI

passage: “The use of urine catheter interrupts the innate immune defence mechanism system by affecting the mucous barrier, which has a function to prevent uropathogenic adhesion and its migration to vesica urinary” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3489).

interpretation: This paragraph explains how insertion of catheters causes UTI.

passage: “Catheter stimulates the inflammatory responses and causes trauma in the mucous of the urethra and bladder neck. Inflammatory and mechanical damages in the urinary tract epithelium do not only increase the risks for UTI but also influencing one’s immune response to uropathogenic” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3489).

interpretation: The passage explains how catheter insertion increases the risk for UTI.

Body Paragraph 2

Topic/transition sentence: prolonged duration of catheter use increases the risk of developing CAUTIS.

passage: “Higher risk to develop UTI was also seen in patients who used catheter longer than 6 days (11/14, 78.6%) than those with a shorter duration than 6 days (13/40, 32.5%). The prolonged use increased the risk to 2.418 (CI 95% 1.432-4.082, P = 0.003)” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3490).

interpretation: Prolonged period of using catheters increases the risk of developing CAUTIs.

passage: “CAUTI was also more common among patients aged ≤ 50 years old (16/27, 59.3%) compared to patients aged > 50 years (8/27, 29.6%), with younger patients had a higher risk to acquire infection (OR = 2, 95% CI 1.034-3.870, P-0.028)” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3490).

interpretation: Aging increases the risk of developing CAUTIs.

Body Paragraph 3

Topic/transition sentence: Age is also a risk factor for developing CAUTIs.

passage: “CAUTI was also more common among patients aged ≤ 50 years old (16/27, 59.3%) compared to patients aged > 50 years (8/27, 29.6%), with younger patients had a higher risk to acquire infection (OR = 2, 95% CI 1.034-3.870, P-0.028)” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3490).

interpretation: Aging increases the risk of developing CAUTIs.

Body Paragraph 4

Topic/transition sentence: CAUTIs are caused by a variety of pathogens.

passage: “Several uropathogens related to CAUTI have been described, including Escherichia coli (21.4%), Candida spp. (21.0%), Enterococcus spp. (14.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.0%), Klebsiella pneumonia (7.7%), and Enterobacter spp. (4.1%)” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3489).

interpretation: The passage provides details of the various pathogens that cause CAUTIs.

passage: “Of 24 confirmed CAUTI cases, we identified eleven microorganisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, MRSA, Salmonella enteric, Acinetobacter baumanii, Acinetobacter lwoffi, Acinobacter hemolytic, Burkholderia cepacia, and Staphylococcus scour. The most bacteria found in this research was Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 4 subjects (16.7%), followed by Enterococcus faecalis in 3 subjects (12.5%) and Escherichia coli ESBL (+), then MRSA and Salmonella enteric each in 2 subjects (8.4%)” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3490).

interpretation: The passage outlines the various pathogens of CAUTIs identified by the research and identifies the most common known pathogen.

Conclusion

Restatement of thesis: To reduce the risk of developing CAUTIs when catheters are inserted, there is a need to understand the risk factors of CAUTIs and the pathogens causing CAUTIs.

So what? Address the wider implications of your interpretation:

Understanding the risk factors of CAUTIs will help in reducing CAUTIs when catheters are inserted since nurses will know what needs to be done to avoid developing CAUTIs among patients using catheters.