Write a brief explanation of how a person’s identity may develop differently in a collectivistic versus an individualistic culture. Then explain how your own identity has been impacted by your culture (collectivistic or individualistic). Finally, explain how your identity might differ if you were raised in the other type of culture. Support your responses using the Learning Resources attached below, current literature, and scholarly articles.

Learning Resources:

Allik, J., Realo, A., Mõttus, R., Borkenau, P., Kuppens, P., & H?ebí?ková, M. (2010). How people see others is different from how people see themselves: A replicable pattern across cultures.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 99(5), 870–882.

McCrae, R. R. (2002). Cross-cultural research on the five-factor model of personality. In W. J. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, & D. N. Sattler (Eds.), Online Readings in Psychology and Culture(Unit 6, Chapter 1). Retrieved from http://www.wwu.edu/culture/mccrae.htm

McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., De Fruyt, F., De Bolle, M., Gelfand, M. J., & Costa Jr., P. T. (2010). The validity and structure of culture-level personality scores: Data from ratings of young adolescents. Journal of Personality, 78(3), 815–838.

Schmitt, D. P., Realo, A., Voracek, M., & Allik, J. (2008). Why can’t a man be more like a woman? Sex differences in Big Five personality traits across 55 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 168–182.

Attachments:

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How People See Others Is Different From How People See Themselves:
A Replicable Pattern Across Cultures
Ju¨ri Allik, Anu Realo, and Rene´ Mo˜ttus
University of Tartu
Peter Borkenau
Martin-Luther-Universita¨t Halle–Wittenberg
Peter Kuppens
University of Melbourne and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Martina Hr?eb?´c?kova´ Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
Consensus studies from 4 cultures—in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Estonia, and Germany—as well as
secondary analyses of self- and observer-reported Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) data
from 29 cultures suggest that there is a cross-culturally replicable pattern of difference between internal
and external perspectives for the Big Five personality traits. People see themselves as more neurotic and
open to experience compared to how they are seen by other people. External observers generally hold a
higher opinion of an individual’s conscientiousness than he or she does about him- or herself. As a rule,
people think that they have more positive emotions and excitement seeking but much less assertiveness
than it seems from the vantage point of an external observer. This cross-culturally replicable disparity
between internal and external perspectives was not consistent with predictions based on the actor–
observer hypothesis because the size of the disparity was unrelated to the visibility of personality traits.
A relatively strong negative correlation (r .53) between the average self-minus-observer profile and
social desirability ratings suggests that people in most studied cultures view themselves less favorably
than they are perceived by others.
Keywords: personality ratings, internal and external perspective, cross-cultural comparison,
self-enhancement, the actor–observer hypothesis

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