NOTE: 90/90 points RECEIVED

Assignment: Risk Assessment
You are a member of the Genericville City Council. A proposal has been brought forth to use
the insecticide spray, Malathion. Currently, the council is split on its decision, and your vote
will determine whether Malathion can be used in the city.

?Resources: Appendix B and Ch. 4 Figure 4.1 of Visualizing Environmental Science
?Due Date: Day 7 [Individual forum]
?Read Risk Assessment of Malathion in Appendix B.
?Create an outline of the risk of using Malathion according to the four steps of risk
assessment presented in Ch. 4 Figure 4.1:

o Hazard identification
o Dose-response
o Exposure
o Risk characterization

?Decide your vote for the city council based on your outline.
?Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper that presents your evaluation of the risk of Malathion
based on your outline. Explain the reasoning for your vote based on the four steps of risk
assessment. Consider any relevant political, social, and economic aspects involved.
?Format your paper according to APA guidelines.
?Post your paper as an attachment

Axia College Material
Appendix B

Risk Assessment of Malathion

This document outlines a common dilemma faced by countless communities every year. It presents a proposed pesticide application program that is awaiting approval from the city council, and its final council member, you, must decide if this pesticide can be used in the hypothetical city, Genericville.

The City and the Problem

Genericville is an American city with an economically diverse population of 100,000 that is highly dependent on summer tourism. A wide river runs through the center of Genericville. Along the banks of the river are several wetlands that serve to protect the city from spring flooding. The wetlands also provide a source of nutrients for several species of birds and fish that are among many environmental elements that make Genericville popular with summer vacationers. Unfortunately, the wetlands also serve as a breeding ground for mosquitoes that may spread diseases like West Nile Virus.

West Nile Virus (WNV) is a dangerous nervous system disease that spreads primarily by mosquitoes. According to data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2007), there were 4,269 WNV cases in the U.S. in 2006 and 177 were fatalities. Based on experience, recent testing of infected birds, and an enlarged mosquito breeding area due to heavy rainfall, there are projections that there could be 50 cases of WNV in Genericville this year with two fatalities. Both the rich and poor communities of Genericville equally share this risk.

The Pesticide Solution and its Proponents

A wealthy city resident who suffered a family loss from WNV a couple of years ago has offered to provide Genericville with all funds necessary to implement an extensive program of aerial spraying and ground application of the pesticide, Malathion. The proposed program could reduce the mosquito population by 90%, providing the same reduction in risk of WNV. This would mean that the projected number of WNV cases would drop from 50 to five, with less than a 20% chance of a fatality in each of the five cases.

Proponents of this plan presented data from government studies to indicate that long-term environmental risk from Malathion application was unlikely because it degrades to harmless materials rapidly after application (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2005, Section 1). They argue that exposure to Malathion could be completely controlled by educational programs and precautions. Part of the proposal includes extensive precautions and an awareness campaign to avoid exposure during Malathion applications and to prevent contact with residues for a week after applications. Proponents contend that avoiding exposure to the large uncontrolled mosquito population that could cause WNV is not as feasible as avoiding exposure to Malathion applications, which can be controlled.

Proponents further argue that since Genericville has such a high rate of incidence of WNV, tourists would not visit without implementation of the program. Reduced tourism could create further poverty that could in turn increase health risks to city residents.

The Opposition to Pesticide Application

Opponents propose that monetary resources proposed for pesticide application could be better spent on educational efforts to avoid exposure to the mosquitoes themselves rather than on the application of Malathion. They argue that many people, particularly the poor or uneducated, would not follow the safety precautions required by the Malathion application program. Uninformed residents, for example, could be outside during aerial spraying, or they could handle or eat matter that contains residues from application of the pesticide.

Opponents estimate that there could be as many as 90 cases of Malathion-related illnesses from the proposed application program with four that may be fatal. Opponents used information from a Florida study referenced in the same study used by proponents (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2005, Section 3).

Opponents of Malathion application also argued that the use of pesticides could kill the natural predators of mosquitoes and ultimately increase the spread of WNV as well as damage the fragile ecosystem important to tourism. Such long-term effects of pesticide application are possible and the risks are unknown. Opponents believe that because of this unknown risk the precautionary principle should apply to Malathion application. In other words, Malathion should not be applied until there is direct evidence that there is no long-term risk to the environment.

The Decision That Is Required

Like many environmental debates, stakeholders with different priorities view the same information differently. The City Council of Genericville must make a decision through a majority vote. When faced with a decision, all members of the council have to accept their responsibility to vote. They need to learn as much as they can about the options and make a decision when the time comes, even if they still have questions or do not like the alternatives. They believe that not voting or stating an unrealistic alternative is not accepting societal responsibility. What decision will you make?

References

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (2005). Toxicologic information about insecticides used for eradicating mosquitoes. Malathion (CAS Number 121-75-5). Retrieved July 1, 2007, from http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/consultations/west_nile_virus/ Malathion.html.

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2007). 2006 West Nile Virus activity
in the United States. West Nile Virus Statistics, Surveillance, and Control. Retrieved July 1, 2007, from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&controlCaseCount06_detailed.htm.