In today’s complex enterprise environments, ethical dilemmas are hard to resolve. The Guidant’s dilemma faced the Guidant Corporation Implantable Defibrillator business. They were aware of a defect that could make the defibrillator malfunction and cause death to patients. They fixed the problem when it was known but never informed the patients who were implanted with the defective devices. Later, it appeared that they were keeping the defect a secret to protect the business’s interests despite endangering many lives of patients with heart problems.

The consequentialism approach depicts whether something is wrong or right, depending on its consequences. For consequentialism, if telling a lie will save someone, it says that it is the best thing to do. The conventional social role approach suggests that an individual is entitled to play a given status in society. Consequentialism would be the best because the company, under the dilemma, would choose to save their company and hence saving jobs of many individuals in the corporation.

Utilitarianism is a version of consequentialism. It states that the outcomes of any given action are the only standard of wrong and right. The interests of all humans are considered equal. The main objective of utilitarianism is to maximize utility; happiness, benefits and pleasure to prevent any pain. The utilitarianism proponents disagree on several ways; whether individuals should change to rules that maximize utility or whether given actions should be based on results. Consequentialism consists of three main features. One is it considers the individual to be taken in evaluating outcomes. The results could be useful for one person or insufficient for another. Second is the kind of non-moral good put in place. Some believe that pleasure or happiness is all that matters while others that attention should be used in attaining human interests. Lastly, the amount of non-moral good required. Consequentialists believe in producing as more good as possible.Welfarism states that policies, rules and actions are evaluated based on their consequences. It consists of three theories; desire, hedonism and objective list theories. It is directed to the people and aims at providing various facilities to remove hunger, poverty and unemployment. Also, it enhances equal rights to all disregarding race or religion. A conducive environment for moral development is also created. Additive aggression states that the world’s value is the total value of its parts, such as lives and societies. Thus the wellbeing of people can be traded off by adding them up together.

Utilitarianism focuses on promoting happiness among many people as long as the actions are right, and the more the people benefit, the better. In Merck case dilemma, they were finding a cure to the river blindness disease that caused itching, discolouration and lesions on the skin. In their research, they found out that Ivermectin antibiotic used in treating parasites in animals could cure the disease. They proved its effectiveness with no visible side effects. During distribution, they lacked a company that would pay for it. Merck decided to give out the drug to the people at no cost and helped in eliminating the disease benefiting many individuals.

In the parable of Sandbu, the student gets gifted the black belt for his right actions after several tests by the master. Technophobe’s dilemma faces Carr. He is required to fail sometimes in digital automation for him to identify that some technologies are automation technologies. His actions help many people through the generation of automated machines. In Kate’s dilemma, her medical needs were considered to save her life despite Anna, who was only used as a donor to donate the genes to Kate. As long as the action was saving someone’s life, it is considered right.

Act-consequentialism is the perspective that an activity is right on condition that it maximizes the benefit for the highest number of people. This theory specifies the characteristics of an action’s outcomes that are morally worth, for example, welfare, happiness, primary goods accessibility and pleasure. Also, it states the calculative procedure for dictating the overall moral value of a given condition of affairs. Again, this theory is flexible in that it can take into account any form of circumstances. It is hard to apply the view in real life because each moral decision must be evaluated.

For rule-consequentialism, it states that rightness of a given activity does not depend on the goodness of its outcomes, but depend on whether it is in line with specific code rules. When a person wants to make a moral choice, he can apply a given rule depending on the codes. Probably, rules yielding the most excellent results should be adopted by people.

Adam Smith argues out that the outcome of everyone working towards achieving their interests, will, in turn, lead to maximization of the interests of the society. The free market invisible hand changes the individual’s aim in gaining into the utility of society as a whole. The concept of the invisible hand is used in social sciences and economics to explain the emergence of mediums of exchange, labour division, wealth growth and price patterns in a perfectly competitive market. Also, the concept has been applied in arguments that free markets with economic agents acting by their self gains, produce the outcomes economically and socially.

Smith applied this idea in different occasions. He explained how wealthy people work towards their benefits but in the process, employ other people to work for them distributing the welfare to a larger group. Also, he says that the majority of individuals prefer domestic investments over foreign. Thus shows how self-interests often result in public interest.

Adam Smith argues out that the outcome of everyone working towards achieving their interests, will, in turn, lead to maximization of the interests of the society. The free market invisible hand changes the individual’s aim in gaining into the utility of society as a whole. The concept of the invisible hand is used in social sciences and economics to explain the emergence of mediums of exchange, labour division, wealth growth and price patterns in a perfectly competitive market. Also, the concept has been applied in arguments that free markets with economic agents acting by their self gains, produce the outcomes economically and socially.

Smith applied this idea in different occasions. He explained how wealthy people work towards their benefits but in the process, employ other people to work for them distributing the welfare to a larger group. Also, he says that the majority of individuals prefer domestic investments over foreign. Thus shows how self-interests often result in public interest.