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A & P II Exam

The reason why more fluid is lost from the capillaries than is reabsorbed has to do with the pressures of blood contained in the capillaries. Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure is usually less than blood hydrostatic pressure. The greater hydrostatic pressure in the blood promotes net flow of body from the vessels into the interstitial. Movement of fluids across capillary beds needs a transport mechanism that is more efficient than diffusion. The movement referred to as bulk flow entails two mechanisms that are pressure-driven. Fluid volumes move across high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas through filtration, while fluids move low pressure areas to high-pressure areas in the capillaries through the process of reabsorption. Hydrostatic and osmotic pressure tend to interact to drive reabsorption and filtration. The blood exerts hydrostatic pressure in heart chambers and blood vessels (Wang, & Ge, 2021). It is the force that drives fluid from capillaries into tissues. On the other hand, osmotic pressure drives fluid movement back into the capillaries. It is informed by the osmotic concentration of gradients, which is the difference of solute-to-water concentrations in tissue and blood fluid.

The radical mastectomy explanation is more viable in explaining why the elderly woman’s left arm is swollen than the explanation of a pathogen. In a radical mastectomy procedure, doctors tend to remove the patient’s breast, nipple, areola, and the lymph nodes located on the arm. Unless the doctors find out that the patient’s tumor has broadened, they leave the chest wall muscles intact. Arms tend to swell following a radical mastectomy because, during the surgery, lymph nodes are often eliminated, disrupting lymph flow. This triggers a swelling known as lymphedema. Lymphedema can affect various body parts, including the legs, genitals, one or both legs, the head and neck (Stoyanov, Tsocheva, Marinova, Dobrev, & Nenkov, 2017). Edema of the arm remains to be the most baffling complication of radical mastectomy surgery. Other factors associated with the swelling of the arm include radiation, scar impingement of axilla, length of surgery, primary skin grafting and extensive fibroblastic activity on operation era.

After being diagnosed with lung cancer, the doctors attending to Paula’s grandfather took biopsies of various nymph nodes from neighboring body parts to test if and how far cancer had spread. Lymph node biopsies are an essential part of the treatment procedure as they remove lymph node tissues. The tissues are then assessed for signs of disease or infection, such as cancer. Biopsy tests are significant for cancer patients because cancer cells tend to grow towards surrounding healthy tissues, including nearby lobes and the lining of their lungs. Cancerous cells spread fast, and invade lymphatic nodes and spread to other parts of the body.

Bronchial obstruction may be obstructed or generalized. Bronchus gets obstructed when a person inhales foreign bodies like a broken tooth or peanut or as a result of pneumonia that takes long to heal. Doris’s oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve of her right lung is likely to be s-shaped and while the left one is likely to be straight. Some of the factors associated with shifting of the curve to the right or left include temperature, PH, carbon dioxide and 2,3-disphosphoglycerate. Doris’s right bronchus is likely to ignite air absorption from lungs tissue to the obstruction area, causing the shrink and collapse. This makes traction force be exerted on proximal airways that dilate and distort them. When a bronchus gets blocked, air located in the alveoli gets absorbed into the bloodstream leading it to shrink and collapse.

Works Cited

Stoyanov, G. S., Tsocheva, D., Marinova, K., Dobrev, E., & Nenkov, R. (2017). Drainage after modified radical mastectomy–A methodological mini-review. Cureus, 9(7).

Wang, X., & Ge, J. (2021). Haemodynamics of atherosclerosis: a matter of higher hydrostatic pressure or lower shear stress?. Cardiovascular Research, 117(4), e57-e59.