Evaluating Research Methods

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Favourable Selection

Selected against

Features similar to new species’

Parallel evolution

Convergent evolution

Offspring

Large groups

Small groups

Alleles

Isolation (Geographic)

Gene flow

Reproduction (sexual)

Mutation

Population

Divergent evolution

Features different

Features alike

New Species

Isolation (Reproductive)

Environment

Variation

Genetic drift

Niche specific evolution

Different common Ancestor

Evolution flow chart.

Statistical methods

In the article from steam boats to tourism economics, the author James Mak mentions several papers he has written on the topic of tourism economics. In all these articles, it is evident that the author relies primarily on secondary data. When doing research on tourist departures in Asia, he collects data from relevant government departments to use in his research. This data was not intended for the purposes of his research but it is the one that helps him draw inferences on the nature and frequency of travel by citizens in the particular country.

In the analysis of his data, he uses the induction approach. This is whereby data is collected and analyzed so as to come up with a trend or gather information from it. This is in contrast to deductive approach which collects data with an already pre-existing hypothesis and looks to prove or disprove it.

His research is also non experimental since he has no controls and his results do not have a specific precision that they must fulfill. This is in contrast to experimental research where the observer has a controllde environment and has a precise expected result.

His research is also quantitive in nature since he relies on numerical statistics to come up with results. He also samples several tourist hotels for bed occupancy after taxation and uses this data to come up with generalizations about the whole industry.

In one instant where he says they edited a book on Japan day to day life, he was an active observer. This can be deduced from the questions that he sought to answer e.g. why vending machines were so prevalent. From this easy, it is easy to see that a researcher can choose to use a mix of methods to best suit his aims.

Positivist

Critical

Qualitative

Quantitive

Deduction

Induction

Primary

Secondary

Self reported

Observed

Mak James Research works.

Non –Experimental

Reference

Dwyer, L. (2011). The discovery of tourism economics. Bingley, UK: Emerald.Top of Form

Mak, J. (2008). Developing a dream destination: Tourism and tourism policy planning in Hawaiʻi. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.

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Mak, J. (2004). Tourism and the economy: Understanding the economics of tourism. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.

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Mak, J. (1998). Japan–why it works, why it doesn’t: Economics in everyday life. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

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Mak, J. (1995). Is there a need for a Pacific islands development bank?. Canberra, Australia: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies.

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Mak, J., Tamaribuchi, G. A., Hendricks, L. E., & Hawaii. (1989). Hawaiʻi’s economy. Honolulu: Office of Instructional Services, General Education Branch, Dept. of Education, State of Hawaii.

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Mak, J., Moncur, J. E., & Yonamine, D. (1976). Selected summary statistics of U.S. westbound visitors to Hawaii: From the 1974 Hawaii Visitors Bureau visitor opinion survey. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.

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Mak, J. (1970). Production, consumption, and the distribution of agricultural surpluses and deficits in Ohio, 1840-1860.

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