Tourism System

Tourism happens only when people travel from their residence to the destinations to enjoy the beautiful landscapes or the historical interests. Otherwise, tourism cannot be considered as tourism and a tourist not as the tourist. For example, a person who visits the Forbidden City in Beijing cannot be regarded as a tourist if he lives and works in Beijing. Therefore, a tourist has to leave his residence for a certain destination by means of transport. The spatial movement from his residence to the destination plays an important role in realizing his travel desire. What is more, while traveling, a tourist will consume the tourism product. On the other hand, he also helps to produce it in that he can choose his destination, route and service freely according to his own likes and dislikes. This can help improve the design and quality of the tourism product.

As mentioned above, spatial movement is very important and worth our attention. Moreover, it is necessary to provide an organizing framework in order to study the tourism. To do so, we have adopted Leiper’s model, which was suggested in 1979 and adapted in 1990 (Figure 1). In the model, he points out three aspects of the tourism- tourists, the tourism sectors and the geographical element.

Figure 1

Geographical elements

Leiper outlines three geographical elements in his model:

Traveller-generating region;

Tourist destination region; and

Transit route region.

The traveller-generating region (or home region), refers to the place where the tourists come from. It is the generating market, which stimulates and motivates travel.

The transit route region includes both the short period of travel from their home region to the destination and other places on the way that the tourists may stop to visit.

The tourist destination is one of the most important elements in the whole tourism system. It emphasizes what the suppliers can do for the tourists. Of course, this includes not only the physical equipments which are crucial to attract tourists, but also the management and service which are helpful to enhance its images and motivate the visit. In other words, the tourist destination functions as a ‘pull’ factor in the market and provides an area for most of the tourism activity. It attracts different kinds of tourists with such tourism products as attractions and the quality of management and service.

The tourist destination region is where the tourists can realize their temporary goal of travel and go through a memorable tourism experience. It provides them with attractions of various types and creates a stage on which planning and management strategies can be carried out. So, it is the core of the tourism.

2.Tourists.

After studying the geographical elements of the tourism system, students may understand that the spatial movement from the traveler-generating region through the transit route to the destination region is an essential and indispensable part of the tourism experience.

The following are to be considered tourists:

Persons traveling for pleasure, for health, etc;

Persons traveling in a representative capacity of any kind;

Persons traveling for business reasons;

Persons arriving in the course of a sea cruise, even when they stay for less than 24 hours;

The following are not to be regarded as tourists:

Persons arriving to take up an accommodation or engage in any business activity in the country;

Persons coming to establish a residence in the country;

Students and young persons in schools;

Any person domiciled in one country and working adjoining country;

Travelers passing though a country without stopping, even if the journey takes more than 24 hours.

There are different types of tourism such as holiday tourism, business tourism and common interest tourism. Business tourism can further be classified into incentive travel, conference tourism and business travel. According to the time the tourism takes, we also have day trips or excursions which do not involve an overnight stay and tourism which often refers to journeys or stays at destinations for at least 24 hours.

Now we are clear about what the distinct characteristics of tourism are and what a tourist is expected to experience in order to travel. As a matter of fact, tourism is a complete and comprehensive system in which the tourists play an important role. On the one hand, tourism can enrich tourists’ experience, widen their horizon and increase their knowledge. On the other hand, tourists can help to improve the tourism environment, to enhance the images of the destinations to push the tourism industry forward and to energize the whole tourism system. In one word, without tourists there would be no tourism. Therefore, it is worthwhile to attach great importance to the study of the tourists. Besides, there are other factors which have an influence on the tourism demand. They are economic, social and cultural factors.

3. Tourism Industry.

The tourism industry refers to the businesses and organizations that help to promote the tourism product. According to Leiper, various industrial sectors can be located in different places. In the traveler-generating region, we can find travel agents and tour operators. In the destination region, we can find attractions and hospitality industry and in the transit route region, we have the transport sector.

The tourism system is made up of three elements: the tourist, the destination and the tourism intermediaries. Among them, the tourist is the most crucial one. It is the starting point of the tourism and gives impetus to the development of it. The destination functions as the tourism object. It is the area in which various kinds of tourism product are delivered, such as the accommodations, restaurants, leisure facilities and other ancillary services. The tourism intermediaries help to connect the traveler-generating region and the tourist destination. It mainly includes the transport and the travel agents, tour operators, etc who help the tourists to realize their travel desire and obtain a tourism experience worth memorizing.

The primary tourism industry is composed of travel trade, transport, accommodation and catering, as well as catering facilities and tourist attractions, etc. Different sectors or companies to suit all budgets and tastes provide these products and services. The hospitality industry provides accommodation and entertainments for travelers. The tour wholesaler and travel agency sell and promote the products and services of the other sectors to travelers.

Now students may have a clearer idea of the tourism system. But we also should keep in mind that the tourism system is not an independent system. Its development relies on the support of other external or environmental systems, such as sociocultural, economic, political, physical, etc. These systems are interdependent. For example, without agriculture, no one can supply food for restaurant; without the oil industry, no vehicle can move and help tourists realize their spatial movement. And the tourism system, in turn, is also important to the development of other systems.