(Name)

(Instructors’ name)

(Course)

(Date)

Patterns of Jewish Culture: Jewish Material Culture

Jewish material culture has often been influenced by both religious obligatory practices, as well as, the surrounding cultural environment in which the Jewish communities have lived (Kogman-Appel 187). For that reason, the Jewish material culture has been subjected to a number of changes especially in relation to the Jewish cultural symbols. Consequently, researchers argue that the Jewish material culture has carried various similarities with the cultures of other non-Jewish cultures. Accordingly, Jewish artistic techniques, symbols, shapes, as well as, cultural designs have differed along Jewish communities living in a particular place or time period, as they are influenced by the cultural environment in which these Jewish communities live. For a proper comprehension of the Jewish material culture, researchers and theologians explain that the Jewish material culture needs to be observed different perspectives. Specifically two main perspectives have been highlighted for the analysis of the Jewish material culture including the religious framework and the place of origin (Kogman-Appel 187). An analysis of the Jewish material culture from these two perspectives will help understand the significant social factors that have aided in the transformation or change of the Jewish material culture.

This paper examines the Jewish material culture as a pattern of Jewish culture. Specifically, the paper provides a discussion of how the Jewish material culture has developed and changed over time by examining Jewish material culture between the twelfth and fifteenth century, as well as, the twentieth century. The primary factors and social processes that have contributed to the changes of Jewish material culture will also be identified in the paper.

Twelfth to Fifteenth Century

The period between the twelfth and the fifteenth century was characterizes by a rich Jewish material culture that was highly influenced by Judaism. However, the regions in which most Jews called their homes were also highly influential on the Jewish material culture during this time. As earlier explained, the Jewish material culture differed from one region to another, and as research studies illustrate, the artistic ornaments and symbols used during this time also differed in their usage (Kogman-Appel 187). The earliest group of cultural ornaments and objects used during this period include Hanukkah lamps, Kiddush cups, Jewish marriage rings, aquamaniles, Torah finials, as well as, the Jewish religious scroll. The Hanukkah lamps were initially used as ceremonial lamps during this period, but their usage changed over time. With their characteristics of eight different light placed on the same level, the Hanukkah lamps were designed to sit of a flat surface during worship. Jews living in Spain, France, and the Rhineland had different designs and usage for these lamps, which was influenced by the respective cultures of these region. Jews living in Spain for example borrowed some bits and pieces of the Islamic culture and they used these lamps for worship (Borovaya 110-130). Jews living in France and the Rhineland, on the other hand, were more accustomed to hanging these lamps on the wall for decorative and artistic purposes.

The Kiddush cup was also another key object that was used during this period and as research studies explain, these cups were classified under domestic Judaica. Domestic Judaica artifacts were purposely used as gifts for wedding ceremonies. As researchers explain, domestic Judaica were found during mining and excavation in the Czech Republic in the town of Kutna Hora. Researchers assume that these cups were buried together with the Jews who were prosecuted during the Black death and were dated back to 1348 (Borovaya 110-130). These cups were first designed for use in the royal palace but they soon acquired a Jewish design as they were slowly incorporated into the Jewish culture. Researchers also identify the Torah finial as one of the most important documents to the Jewish material culture during this period. This object was first found by researchers in the twelfth century and was given the Jewish name, Rimmon, as it was integrated in the Jewish culture. This object was a religious symbol of the heavenly Jerusalem used by both the Jews and Christian during the Byzantine period (Kogman-Appel 187-234). These objects were mainly used in the church for religious practices, which researchers argue is the reason behind the survival of these objects within the Jewish material culture. These objects were also used as Jewish manuscripts as they had Jewish scripture encrypted on both sides of the torah finial for use during worship.

Conclusively, the only other kind of the Jewish ceremonial object linked to the torah was the torah scroll, as well as, the hand object that was used to read the scroll by the Jewish communities. The Torah scroll was used for religious practices as it signified the Jewish religious book (Kogman-Appel 187-234). This book was used for the purpose of prayer and worship by the Jewish community, and is the only material object that has survived to date. The hand-figure that was used to read the torah scroll was in the form of a silver pointer and a rod with the terminal point shaped as a hand. This object was used because the Jewish culture did not allow individuals to touch the scroll with their bare hands.

Twentieth Century

Research studies explain that Judaism and Jewish material culture that came up after the 19th century is much different from the earlier types of Jewish material culture. Jewish material culture in the twentieth century was highly characterized by modern movements, which embraced the repetition of the past cultural elements with a modern twist. Referred to as Art Nouveau in Germany and France the twentieth century Jewish material culture emphasizes the need for sinuous outlines and foliate forms (Kogman-Appel 187). Though the ornaments and objects that existed in the earlier period still existed during this time, they have undergone various changes with relation to their design and usage by the Jewish communities. These objects still embraced the cultural and religious connotation that they were created for but their usage was primarily for aesthetic purposes instead of religious practices.

The materials used to create these objects also differed from what was used in the earlier period. For example, the period between 1912 and 1913, saw the creation and introduction of new objects and ornaments by Friedrich Adler who designed various domestic Judaica for the Jews (Borovaya 110-130). The Kiddush cups, Hanukkah lamps, and seder plates created by this German practitioner were designed with a low an broad outline, which enclosed solid silver, which were contrasted with perforated nature ornaments. This clearly illustrates the shift from cultural and religious usage in the Jewish material culture to a more aesthetic use in the 20th century. In essence, the Jewish material culture in the 20th century embraced a modernist aesthetic whereby form came after function and the ornaments and objects used emphasized beauty rather than ornamentation.

Work Cited

Borras, J. T. and Badillos, A. S. Jewish Studies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: Judaism

from the Renaissance to modern times. UK: BRILL, 1999. Print.

Borovaya, Olga. Jews of Three Colors: The Path to Modernity in the Ladino Press at the Turn of

the Twentieth Century. Jewish Social Studies, 15.1(2008): 110-130.

Kogman-Appel. Jewish Art and Non-Jewish Culture: The Dynamics of Artistic Borrowing in

Medieval Hebrew Manuscript Illumination. Jewish History,15.3(2001): 187-234.

Koltun-Fromm, Ken. Material culture and Jewish thought in America. New York: Indiana

University Press, 2010. Print.