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1. The Fourth Amendment in the American constitution is considered part of the bill of rights and tends to ban unreasonable searches or seizures. Any warrant has judicially authorized and supported by possible cause. It all in 1963 when a man called Ernesto Miranda was arrested by the police for stealing around $8 from a bank employee and was taken to court and charged with armed robbery. Ernesto wrote a confession when he was in police custody admitting that he was guilty of robbery, kidnapping and rape of an 18 -year-old.After the robbery, his lawyers appealed after his conviction insisting that case Ernesto Miranda did understand the right to self- incrimination (Kernell and Gary,227).

2. The Miranda rights, termed as Miranda warning, are important and need to be read to an individual when arrested. Police or other law enforcement officers have to recite the warning to any person suspected to be a criminal to make sure their rights under the American constitution are protected. There is a Fifth Amendment that states that a person should not be forced to be a witness against oneself with the Sixth Amendment indicating a suspect right to having a legal counsel (Kernell and Gary 344).

3. The types of committees in the congress are Standing Committees, select committees, joint committees and conference committees. Standing committees are the most important type as they consider as well as shape many of the proposed laws. Standing committees conduct investigations involving the  the Senate Banking Committee. Select Committees are provisionally formed for precise purposes, to study a certain issue and do not have draft legislation. Joint Committees have comparable purposes like select committees but constitute members of both the senate and the House. They are often established to carry out business between the two houses and help to focus public attention on main issues. Conference Committees are created especially in instances where there is a need for both the senate and the House to reconcile diverse versions of one bill (Kernell and Jacobson, 390).

4. An executive order is a directive given by the president who is considered the executive branch leader. The order is mostly used to direct specific tasks and actions to cabinet members, as well as executive officer. Other executive orders are recognized in the constitution especially when permissions is given by either the Senate and the House of Representatives. The orders arise from unstated constitutional in addition to statutory authority. When issued under a valid authority claim and printed in the Federal Register, then the executive orders might be considered constitutional (Kernell and Gary, 456).

5. The Pendleton Act, which is a federal law in America established rules as well as regulations regarding individuals to be employed and retain jobs in the federal government. The Act seemed to have shaped the public service environment. Presently majority of well educated in addition to well trained individuals have found gratifying profession in the Federal service. Presently, over 90percent of 2.8million employees employed by the federal service are al covered. The case is different from when the act came into force, which saw only 10 percent of 132,000 workers working for the government covered. The law is still in effect and has been helpful in bringing order in the Federal service (Kernell and Gary,500).

6. American Supreme hearing involves a case whereby a federal law issue falls in the federal courts jurisdiction. The types of cases heard by the Supreme Court are in a situation whereby the Lower Courts ignores the Supreme Court past decisions. In a situation where the lower court does not take into consideration a past Supreme Court verdict, then the court might decide to hear the case in order to correct the decision of the lower court, or overrule the court case without giving any judgement. On the other hand, the Supreme Court might decide to hear a case, which is considered important and of high public interest such as the Bush v. Gore, election case in 2000 (Kernell and Gary,550).

7. Public opinion is considered the aspect that tends to drive or even crush legislative efforts. Public opinion forces politicians to choose one political direction or the other and affects politics in different ways. A symbiotic rapport is evident in politics and public opinion as politicians take stands in what they believe is well-liked with their constituents (Kernell and Gary,600).

8. A political party is considered group of individuals seeking control of the government by ensuring they win elections and hold public offices. The major political parties function is to put together individuals who share similar ideologies or opinions about the government. Parties or groups often influence the government through election of its members. Madison did not acknowledge the idea of political parties and factions and he acknowledged the fact that partisan differences remained unavoidable in a free society. His fear was that the differences would lead to instability and injustice in the public councils. Madison notion on political parties was negative as diversity or competition arising from their formation would make it challenging for dangerous majorities to stay together if they decide to work together (Kernell and Gary, 570).

9. There is a close relationship between political parties and the Congress. Currently, the major parties in America, which are the Republican and Democratic parties, rule the political process. The two chief parties have control of the presidency, Congress, governorships as well as state legislatures. Every president from 1852 has either been a Republican or a Democrat, which shows the importance and relationship between political parties and the Congress (Kernell and Gary, 580)

10. Independent regulatory commissions are agencies, which are outside the main executive departments and responsible for making regulations aimed at protecting public interests. Environmental Protection Agency is one example of such agencies tasked with protecting the environment for future generations. The agency was formed in1970 with it’s objective being to control and reduce air water, noise, radiation, pesticides and toxic substances pollution (Kernell and Gary 598).

Work Cited

Kernell, Samuel, and Gary C. Jacobson. The Logic of American Politics. Washington, D.C: CQ Press, 2000. Print.