Lab 6 – Filters and Oscillators

 

By

 

Student’s Name

 

 

 

 

ECT246 Electronic Systems III with Lab

Professor’s Name

 

 

 

 

DeVry University Online

Date

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Part A-Active Filters    

Week six addresses the concept of active filters and oscillators.   The low, high, bandpass and notch active filters, their circuits, and operating parameters are covered.   The Wein-bridge RC oscillator, its configuration, operation and circuit is discussed. 

 

TCO #6:

Given an application requiring active filters calculate, simulate and measure filter characteristic of a low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, and notch filter.

 

A.    Identify the gain-versus-frequency response of basic filters.

 

a.     Draw the frequency response of a low-pass, high-pass, bandpass, and a notch filter.   Label each axis, the critical frequency, bandwidth and the 3-dB point.

Low                                                    High

               

 

 

 

Band                                                  Notch

   

         

 

b.     What is the “order” of a filter?   How is an order created?

 

B.    Simulate the frequency response of an active low-pass filter such as a Butterworth filter.

 

a.     Given the following circuit, calculate the critical frequency and the closed-loop gain.

 

= _________    = _________

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

b.     Download “ECT246_Week_6_Low1.ms” from Doc Sharing, week 6.   Run the simulation.   Use the Bode Plotter to find the -3-dB point and determine the critical frequency.

 

= _________ @ -3 dB

 

c.     Compare the calculated value to the simulated results.

 

 

 

 

 

C.    Prototype the active single-pole low-pass filter and measure and sketch its frequency response, compare and contrast the simulated and measured results. 

 

a.     Prototype the active single-pole low-pass filter in the diagram above using a LM741 op-amp.

b.     Connect a frequency generator to the input of the filter.   Set the frequency generator’s output to a sine wave at 100 mV peak and as close to 0 Hz as possible.

c.     Connect channel 1 of an oscilloscope to the input and channel 2 to the output of the filter.

d.    Vary the input frequency according to the chart below and record the input and output voltage in the table.   Calculate the other values.

 

Frequency (Hz)

Input Voltage (peak)

Output Voltage (peak) Gain

Gain dB

1

 

 

 

 

10

 

 

 

 

100

 

 

 

 

1k

 

 

 

 

10k

 

 

 

 

100k

 

 

 

 

500k

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.     Using the Graph Paper.doc file located in Doc Sharing, week 6, plot the frequency response of the circuit.

f.      Locate    for the filter.   Compare its value to the calculated and simulate results.

 

 

 

 

 

D.    Simulate the frequency response of an active single-pole high-pass filter such as a Butterworth filter.

 

a.     Given the following circuit, calculate the critical frequency and the closed-loop gain.

 

= _________    = _________

 

 

 

b.     Download “ECT246_Week_6_High1.ms” from Doc Sharing, week 6.   Run the simulation.   Use the Bode Plotter to find the -3-dB point and determine the critical frequency.

 

= _________ @ -3 dB

 

c.     Compare the calculated value to the simulated results.

 

 

 

 

 

E.    Prototype the active single-pole high-pass filter.   Measures and sketch its frequency response.   Compare and contrast the simulated and measured results. 

 

a.     Prototype the active single-pole high-pass filter in the diagram above using a LM741 op-amp.

b.     Connect a frequency generator to the input of the filter.   Set the frequency generator’s output to a sine wave at 100 mV peak and as close to 0 Hz as possible.

c.     Connect channel 1 of an oscilloscope to the input and channel 2 to the output of the filter.

d.    Vary the input frequency according to the chart below and record the input and output voltage in the table.   Calculate the other values.

 

Frequency (Hz)

Input Voltage (peak)

Output Voltage (peak) Gain

Gain dB

1

 

 

 

 

10

 

 

 

 

100

 

 

 

 

1k

 

 

 

 

10k

 

 

 

 

100k

 

 

 

 

500k

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.     Using the Graph Paper.doc file located in Doc Sharing, week 6, plot the frequency response of the circuit.

f.      Locate    for the filter.   Compare its value to the calculated and simulate results.

 

F.     The active two-pole band-pass filter below consists of a low-pass and a high-pass filter.   Predict the critical frequencies.

 

a.     Given the following circuit, calculate the critical frequencies and the closed-loop gain.

 

= _________    = _________   = _________

 

b.     Download ECT246_Week_6_Band1.ms, and run the simulation.   Use the Bode Plotter to find the -3-dB point and determine the critical frequencies.

 

= _________ @ -3 dB;         = _________ @-3dB

 

c.     Compare the calculated value to the simulated results.

 

 

G.    Prototype the active two-pole band-pass filter consisting of a low-pass and a high-pass filter and predict the critical frequencies.   Compare the results with the simulated values.

 

a.     Prototype the active single-pole band-pass filter in the diagram above using a LM741 op-amp.

b.     Connect a frequency generator to the input of the filter.   Set the frequency generator’s output to a sine wave at 100 mV peak and as close to 0 Hz as possible.

c.     Connect channel 1 of an oscilloscope to the input and channel 2 to the output of the filter.

d.    Vary the input frequency according to the chart below and record the input and output voltage in the table.   Calculate the other values.

 

 

Frequency (Hz)

Input Voltage (peak)

Output Voltage (peak) Gain

Gain dB

1

 

 

 

 

10

 

 

 

 

100

 

 

 

 

1k

 

 

 

 

10k

 

 

 

 

100k

 

 

 

 

500k

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

e.     Using the Graph Paper.doc file located in Doc Sharing, week 6, plot the frequency response of the circuit.

f.      Determine ,  , and the bandwidth for the filter.   Compare its value to the calculated and simulate results.

 

H.    Explain the operation of a notch filter.

 

a.     Explain the operation of a notch filter.

 

 

b.     Draw the frequency response curve for a notch filter.

 

 

 

 

Part B- Oscillators

 

TCO#7:

Given an oscillator application, such as a tone generator, determine the operating parameters and calculate and measure the oscillator’s voltage, frequency and relative stability.

 

A.    Relate the principles of an oscillator using a block diagram and explain Barkhausen criteria.

 

a.     Draw a block diagram of an oscillator.

 

b.     Explain the relationship between feedback, phase shift and oscillation

 

 

c.     What is Barkhausen criterion?

 

 

d.    What three conditions must be met for oscillation to occur?

 

 

B.    Calculate and analyze the operation of an oscillator using RC feedback, such as a Wien-bridge oscillator.

 

a.     Given the Wien-bridge oscillator in the diagram below, calculate the resonant frequency.   Assume    = 0.

 

= ________

 

 

 

b.     Determine the closed-loop gain.

 

= _________

 

 

 

 

C.    Simulate an RC feedback oscillator, such as a Wien-bridge.   Record the oscillation frequency and compare the results with the calculated values.

 

a.     Download “ECT246_Week_6_Wien1.ms” from Doc Sharing, week 6.   Run the simulation.   Use the oscilloscope to determine the resonant frequency.   Adjust    if necessary to obtain oscillation.

 

= ________

 

 

b.     Compare the calculated value to the simulated results.

 

 

 

 

D.    Prototype the RC feedback oscillator, such as a Wien-bridge.   Measure the frequency of oscillation and compare the results with the calculated and simulated results.

 

a.     Prototype the Wien-bridge oscillator in the diagram above using a LM741 op-amp.

b.     Connect an oscilloscope to the output.   Apply power and measure the resonant frequency.   Adjust    as necessary to obtain oscillation.

c.     Compare the measured values to the calculated and simulated results. 

d.    Connect a speaker to the output and observe the results.

e.     Substitute different values for    and/or    and observer the results.

 

Part C-Filters and Oscillator Simulations

 

1.    The circuit below is a two-pole high-pass Butterworth filter.   The upper critical frequency should be 1.12kHz.   Find the required value for R4 and the closed loop gain. Verify the circuit operation in Multisim. Make the necessary changes to the circuit and verify its operations.   The Multisim file (ECT246_Week_6_Two_high_trouble.ms) can be found in Doc Sharing, week 7.

 

The R4 value should be _______; Acl = ___________

 

 

 

 

2.    Given the following circuit.   What is the frequency of oscillation?   What is the closed loop gain?   The Multisim circuit (ECT246_Week_6_Wien2.ms) can be found in Doc Sharing, week 6.

 

= __________

 

= __________

 

At what value of     does the output begin to clip? __________

 

At what value of    does oscillation stop? _________

 

 

 

Example Bandwidth calculations

 

 

The bandwidth is defined as the:

Power- ½ power points

Voltage- .707 *Vmax

Current- .707*Imax

db- 3 db down from the max db level

 

f (Hz)                                      Gain              Gain(Db)

    

           1                  56mV           320mV         5.71             15.1

           10                64mV           320mV         5                  14

           100              112mV         1.28V           11.42           21.15

           1k                112mV         1.28V           11.42           21.15

           10k              160mV         1.20V           7.5               17.5

           100k                                                   3                  9.54

         

If the above data were taken the bandwidth   would be at:

Since these are voltage gains .707*Vmax

11.42 *.707 = 8.1

After plotting the graph we need to go below 100 Hz and read the frequency that the gain is 8.1. This is f1

Then go above 1k until the gain is 8.1 and read that frequency. This is f2

 

Bandwidth = f2-f1

If it is in Db then the bandwidth would be at the 21.15DB-3Db or 18.15Db

This should be the same points:

 

  

Semilog Point Plotting Example

 

This is semi log paper, note the bottom horizontal scale is frequency, and always gets 10 times larger on the next decade. There are no zeros on the graph.   10^0 = 1 so that is the first number, 10^1 = 10 so we jump from counting 1’s to counting 10’s, for example 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, 20,30 etc.

The vertical scale is gain in decibels and uses a linear scale.

The point plotted is a frequency of 10 hertz and a gain of 7 db.