12. Obese individuals suffering from leptin deficiency can attain normal body weight through

a. leptin replacement. b. leptinopic surgery. c. liposuction d. dieting. e. omphaloskepsis.

13. Metabolic syndrome or obesity is associated with various health problems, and obesity is, by some considered to be the “cause” of these comorbidities. Another view or hypothesis suggests that adipocytes protect _______ by taking the toxins associated with fat out of circulation.

a. most cell types b. adipocyes c. the SCN d. a & c e. none of these

18. The Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) gene is disrupted by a balanced chromosomal translocation (1; 11) (q42; q14.3) in a Scottish family with a high incidence of major depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Subsequent studies provided indications that DISC1 plays a role in brain development, because suppression of DISC1 expression reduces neural progenitor proliferation, leading to premature cell cycle exit and differentiation. These results suggest that schizophrenia is a disorder of

a. neuronal development. b. oxidative phosphorylation. c. electron transport. d. leptin metabolism. e. demonic intrusion.

19. Cocaine increases the firing potential of neurons of the nucleus accumbens, a brain area involved in pleasure and reward. That is, the efficacy with which transmission occurs between the neurons is increased. Light stimulation of ____ to reduce activity of neurons in the nucleus accumbens reverses the increased activity, called potentiation, caused by cocaine.

a. dopamine receptors b. opsins c. alpha-ketoglutarate d. cAMP e. the retina

20. When indels are mapped in two related species it is impossible to tell whether the insertion or deletion is the ancestral form. By sequencing a _______ it is possible to identify the ancestral
state of the indel.

a. linked locus b. CNV c. pseudogene d. third species e. zoonose